音标 主标为英式(牛津 / DJ 体系);标 美 处为与英式不同时的美式读法。(r) 表示美音卷舌、英音可不读,如 water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/。
词类计数 传统语法分 8 类(不含限定词);现代语法把限定词单列,共 9 类。
开放 / 封闭 名、动、形、副是开放类,新词不断加入;代、介、连、限定、感叹是封闭类,数量稳定。
核心词性9 类 · 必背
子类标签词典高频 · 容易被误当成独立词性
非词性标签词典常见 · 但不属于词性
冠词定冠词 · 不定冠词 · 零冠词
常用介词of / for / with / by / about …
代词类型主格 · 宾格 · 物主 · 反身 · 指示 · 不定
连词类型并列 · 从属 · 关系词
更多例词按词性各列一组,带中文
| 词性 | 例词 |
|---|---|
| 名词 | book 书 · water 水 · teacher 老师 · city 城市 · idea 想法 · team 团队 · China 中国 · freedom 自由 · apple 苹果 · children 孩子们 |
| 动词 | run 跑 · make 制作 · arrive 到达 · seem 似乎 · give 给 · study 学习 · enjoy 喜欢 · break 打破 · swim 游泳 · become 变成 |
| 形容词 | happy 快乐的 · big 大的 · red 红色的 · interesting 有趣的 · kind 友善的 · difficult 困难的 · free 自由的 |
| 副词 | quickly 快速地 · very 非常 · always 总是 · here 这里 · yesterday 昨天 · almost 几乎 · well 好地 |
| 代词 | I 我 · you 你 · he 他 · she 她 · it 它 · we 我们 · they 他们 · someone 某人 · anything 任何东西 |
| 介词 | in 在……里 · on 在……上 · at 在 · of 的 · for 为了 · with 和 · by 通过 · about 关于 · from 从 · to 到 |
| 连词 | and 和 · but 但是 · or 或者 · so 所以 · because 因为 · if 如果 · when 当……时 · although 虽然 |
| 冠词 | a 一个 · an 一个 · the 这个 / 那个(零冠词:不加冠词) |
| 数词 | one 一 · two 二 · three 三 · ten 十 · first 第一 · second 第二 · hundred 百 |
| 情态动词 | can 能 · could 能(过去 / 委婉) · may 可以 · must 必须 · should 应该 · will 将会 |
| 感叹词 | wow 哇 · oh 哦 · hey 嘿 · ouch 哎哟 |
方位、方向与环境位置 · 方向 · 场所 · 路线
位置:点、面、空间
相对位置
移动方向
方向与场所
一句话是怎么站起来的先把骨架认熟,再谈词和词怎么拼。一个简单句 = 主语 + 谓语(+ 补足语)。
词性能不能拼:组合矩阵行是前一个词,列是后一个词。点任意格子看规则和例句;手机上左右滑动表格。
| 左 ↓右 → | 限定det | 形容adj | 名词n | 代词pron | 数词num | 动词v | 助动aux | 副词adv | 介词prep | 连词conj | 感叹interj |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 限定det | |||||||||||
| 形容adj | |||||||||||
| 名词n | |||||||||||
| 代词pron | |||||||||||
| 数词num | |||||||||||
| 动词v | |||||||||||
| 助动aux | |||||||||||
| 副词adv | |||||||||||
| 介词prep | |||||||||||
| 连词conj | |||||||||||
| 感叹interj |
点上面的格子,这里会显示这类组合的规则和例句。
五种短语积木短语是句子的零件,虚线框表示可以省略。
连词能连什么连词不是随便放的:先看它连接的是词、短语,还是一个完整分句。
能连什么连接对等的词、短语或分句
She sings and he dances.她唱歌,他跳舞。
能连什么引导状语从句,连接两个分句
I stayed home because it rained.因为下雨,我待在家里。
能连什么把一个完整分句塞进句子当宾语或主语
I know that he is right.我知道他是对的。
能连什么引导定语从句,修饰前面的名词
the book that I bought我买的那本书
能连什么必须成对出现,两边结构要对称
both teachers and students老师和学生都……
能连什么不能直接连接两个分句,前面要用分号或句号
It rained; however, we went out.下雨了;不过我们还是出门了。
高频句型与固定搭配这些是整块记的结构,套进去就能用。
某处有某物
There is a book on the desk.桌上有一本书。
做某事是……的
It is easy to learn English.学英语很容易。
太……以至于不能……
He is too young to drive.他太小了,不能开车。
和……一样
She is as tall as me.她和我一样高。
如此……以至于……
It was so cold that we stayed home.天太冷了,我们待在家里。
不仅……而且……
She speaks not only English but also French.她不仅会说英语,还会说法语。
委婉邀请
Would you like some tea?你想喝点茶吗?
提建议
How about going out?出去走走怎么样?
动词 + 名词:整块记,别逐字翻译
| 动词 | 固定搭配 |
|---|---|
| make | make a decision 做决定 / make a mistake 犯错 / make money 赚钱 |
| do | do homework 做作业 / do housework 做家务 / do exercise 锻炼 |
| take | take a shower 洗澡 / take a bus 坐公交 / take a photo 拍照 |
| have | have breakfast 吃早饭 / have a meeting 开会 / have fun 玩得开心 |
| give | give advice 给建议 / give a hand 帮忙 |
| get | get ready 准备好 / get married 结婚 |
| pay | pay attention 注意 / pay money 付钱 |
| keep | keep quiet 保持安静 / keep in touch 保持联系 |
十条硬规则这些是拼接时最容易翻车的地方,先记判断,再看例句。
出现第二个动词时,要么变成不定式 / 动名词,要么用连词接一个从句。
× I want go. √ I want to go.
情态动词 + 动词原形;be + doing / done;have + done。
× She can goes. √ She can go.
名词、代词宾格、动名词都可以,就是不能接动词原形。
× interested in learn √ interested in learning
be / seem / look / feel 这类词后面描述主语状态,用形容词不用副词。
× She looks happily. √ She looks happy.
分工不能混:修饰名词用形容词,修饰动作、性质、程度用副词。
× He runs quick. √ He runs quickly.
限定 → 观点 → 大小 → 年龄 / 形状 → 颜色 → 来源 → 材料 → 用途 → 名词。
a lovely small old round brown French wooden writing desk
第三人称单数现在时动词加 -s;主语是复数就用原形。
× The book are new. √ The book is new.
起定语作用的名词通常用单数,重音落在前面那个词上。
√ apple trees(不是 apples trees)
want / hope / decide 接 to do;enjoy / mind / avoid 接 doing;stop 两种意思不同。
√ want to go √ enjoy reading √ stop smoking / stop to smoke
它独立出现,用逗号或感叹号与后面的句子隔开。
√ Wow, that's great! × Wow that's great(口语书写不规范)
点词看词性点任意单词,下面会显示它的词性、中文和在句中的成分。
词性训练三种题型:排顺序、选连接词、填一个词。每题判完都会告诉你为什么,答错也可以直接看解释。
语法地图先看句子成分,再认人称和动词,然后按时态、非谓语一层层往上搭。点下面的标签可以直接跳到对应章节。
句子成分8 种成分 + 7 个拆句案例,先把骨架看熟
| 成分 | 英文 | 回答什么问题 | 常由什么充当 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 主语 | Subject | 谁 / 什么 | 名词、代词、动名词、从句 | The teacher is here. |
| 谓语 | Predicate | 做什么 / 是什么 | 动词(be 或实义动词) | She teaches English. |
| 宾语 | Object | 动作作用于谁 / 什么 | 名词、代词、从句 | She teaches English. |
| 表语 | Predicative | 主语是什么 / 怎么样 | 名词、形容词、介词短语 | She is a teacher. |
| 定语 | Attributive | 什么样的 / 哪一个 | 形容词、名词、介词短语、从句 | the interesting books |
| 状语 | Adverbial | 何时 / 何地 / 如何 / 为什么 | 副词、介词短语、从句 | every day / in the library |
| 宾语补足语 | Object complement | 补充说明宾语 | 名词、形容词 | They made him captain. |
| 同位语 | Appositive | 解释说明前面的名词 | 名词 | my friend Tom |
人称与数第一 / 第二 / 第三人称,单数和复数
| 人称 | 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主 | 名词性物主 | 反身代词 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一人称 | I | me | my | mine | myself | I like it. 我喜欢它。 |
| 第二人称 | you | you | your | yours | yourself | You like it. 你喜欢它。 |
| 第三人称 | he | him | his | his | himself | He likes it. 他喜欢它。 |
| 第三人称 | she | her | her | hers | herself | She likes it. 她喜欢它。 |
| 第三人称 | it | it | its | — | itself | It works. 它管用。 |
| 第一人称复数 | we | us | our | ours | ourselves | We like it. 我们喜欢它。 |
| 第三人称复数 | they | them | their | theirs | themselves | They like it. 他们喜欢它。 |
冠词先分清名字和普通名词,再判断听者能不能定位
| 冠词 | 名称 | 位置 / 读音 | 什么时候用 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | 不定冠词 | 用在辅音音素前 | 泛指一个;第一次提到;职业身份 | a book 一本书 / a teacher 一位老师 |
| an | 不定冠词 | 用在元音音素前 | 同上,但后面的词以元音音素开头 | an apple 一个苹果 / an hour 一小时 |
| the | 定冠词 | 辅音前读 /ðə/,元音前读 /ðiː/ | 特指;双方能确定是哪一个 | the book 那本书 / the sun 太阳 |
| — | 零冠词 | 不加任何冠词 | 泛指复数或不可数;专有名词;固定搭配 | books 书(泛指)/ water 水 |
a 还是 an:看读音,不看字母
| 写法 | 音标 | 为什么 |
|---|---|---|
| a university | /juːnɪˈvɜːsəti/ | 字母 u 读 /juː/,开头是辅音 /j/ |
| an hour | /ˈaʊə(r)/ | h 不发音,实际开头是元音 |
| a European | /ˌjʊərəˈpiːən/ | 字母 E 开头,但读音以 /j/ 开头 |
| an MBA | /ˌem biː ˈeɪ/ | 字母 M 读 /em/,元音开头 |
| a one-way street | /wʌn weɪ/ | one 读 /wʌn/,辅音 /w/ 开头 |
| an honest man | /ˈɒnɪst/ | h 不发音,开头是元音 |
the 标记的到底是什么:可识别
| 怎么定位 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 现场唯一 | 双方在同一个场景里,只有那一个 | Close the door. 把门关上。(这个房间只有一扇门) |
| 前面提过 | 第一次用 a / an,第二次用 the | I bought a book. The book is interesting. 我买了本书,那本书很有意思。 |
| 后面有修饰 | 限定成分告诉你到底是哪一个 | the book that I bought 我买的那本书 / the man in black 穿黑衣服的那个人 |
| 共享知识唯一 | 世界上大家都认得的那个 | the sun, the moon, the sky 太阳、月亮、天空 |
为什么 China 不加、the Great Wall 要加
| 名称类型 | 冠词 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 人名、城市、大多数国家、洲 | 零冠词 | Tom, Beijing, China, Asia |
| 单座山、单个湖、单个岛 | 零冠词 | Mount Everest, Lake Baikal, Hainan Island |
| 街道、广场、公园、车站、大学(专名在前) | 零冠词 | Oxford Street, Times Square, Peking University |
| 描述性名字:形容词 + 普通名词 | the | the Great Wall, the White House, the Forbidden City |
| 含 of 的名字 | the | the University of Oxford, the Great Wall of China |
| 复数 / 联合体国名 | the | the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands |
| 河流、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠 | the | the Yangtze, the Pacific, the Himalayas, the Sahara |
因为 China 是名字。名字本身已经把对象锁定了,不需要 the 再指一次。
sun 是普通名词,不是名字;它靠「共享知识里只有一个」来定位,所以要用 the。如果它有真正的名字(Sol),就可以直接说 Sol,不加 the。
它是描述性名字:great(形容词)+ wall(普通名词),字面就是「那道伟大的墙」,结构上像一个被限定的普通名词短语,所以保留 the。
它是「专名 + 通名」的标签式名字,按约定不加冠词。地标名里哪类加 the 有约定成分,最稳妥的办法是查词典。
它是山脉,复数概念;河流、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠这类地理名称按惯例加 the。
三步判断
① 是不是名字 是名字:一般用零冠词;如果名字本身是「形容词 + 普通名词」、含 of、或是复数联合体,就用 the。
② 不是名字,问听者能不能定位 能定位到具体哪一个 → the;不能定位、且是可数单数 → a / an;泛指一类(复数或不可数)→ 零冠词。
③ 定位的四种来源 现场唯一、前面提过、后面有修饰、共享知识里唯一。
the 的固定场景
| the 的固定场景 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 第二次提到 | I bought a book. The book is interesting. 我买了本书,那本书很有意思。 |
| 双方都知道 | Close the door, please. 请把门关上。 |
| 独一无二的自然物 | the sun, the moon, the earth 太阳、月亮、地球 |
| 最高级 / 序数词 | the best 最好的 / the first 第一个 |
| 江河湖海、山脉 | the Yangtze 长江 / the Pacific 太平洋 / the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山 |
| 乐器 | play the piano 弹钢琴 |
| 方位 | in the east 在东部 |
| 姓氏复数(一家人) | the Smiths 史密斯一家 |
什么时候不用冠词
| 什么时候不用冠词 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 复数泛指 | Books are useful. 书很有用。 |
| 不可数泛指 | Water is important. 水很重要。 |
| 专有名词 | China, Tom 中国、汤姆 |
| 三餐 | have breakfast 吃早饭 |
| 球类、游戏 | play football 踢足球 |
| 语言、学科 | study English 学英语 |
| 交通方式 | by bus 坐公交 / on foot 步行 |
常见错误
× I am teacher.
√ I am a teacher.
单数可数名词前一般要有限定词。
× She plays piano.
√ She plays the piano.
弹乐器要加 the;球类不加 the。
× I go to the school.
√ I go to school.
go to school 是「上学」;go to the school 指去那栋建筑。
× an university
√ a university
看读音不看字母,/j/ 是辅音。
× a hour
√ an hour
h 不发音,开头是元音音素。
× I like the music.
√ I like music.
泛指一类事物时不用 the。
× the China
√ China
国家名是专有名词,不加 the。
× Great Wall
√ the Great Wall
描述性地标名要加 the,和 Tiananmen Square 不同。
× the Mount Everest
√ Mount Everest
单座山不加 the;山脉才加,如 the Himalayas。
× the Asia
√ Asia
洲名不加 the。
名词可数 / 不可数、复数变化、所有格
| 类型 | 说明 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 可数名词 | 有单复数,可以和数词直接连用 | a book / two books / many books |
| 不可数名词 | 一般没有复数,不能和数词直接连用 | water / information / advice / money |
| 两种都可以 | 词义不同 | a chicken 一只鸡 / chicken 鸡肉 |
复数怎么变
| 情况 | 变化 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般情况 | 直接加 -s | book → books |
| 以 s / x / ch / sh / o 结尾 | 加 -es | box → boxes / watch → watches / go → goes |
| 辅音字母 + y 结尾 | 变 y 为 i 再加 -es | city → cities / study → studies |
| 元音字母 + y 结尾 | 直接加 -s | boy → boys |
| 以 f / fe 结尾 | 多数变 v 再加 -es | leaf → leaves / knife → knives |
| 不规则变化 | 单独记 | man → men / child → children / foot → feet / tooth → teeth / mouse → mice / sheep → sheep |
所有格
| 名词类型 | 所有格 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 单数名词 | 加 's | the teacher's book 老师的书 |
| 以 s 结尾的复数 | 只加 ' | the students' books 学生们的书 |
| 无生命的事物 | 常用 of 结构 | the door of the room 房间的门 |
代词主格、宾格、物主、反身、指示、不定、疑问
| 类型 | 词 | 用法 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主格 | I / you / he / she / it / we / they | 作主语 | She likes music. |
| 宾格 | me / you / him / her / it / us / them | 动词或介词后面 | I like her. / with him |
| 形容词性物主 | my / your / his / her / its / our / their | 后面必须接名词 | my book |
| 名词性物主 | mine / yours / his / hers / ours / theirs | 后面不接名词 | It's mine. |
| 反身代词 | myself / yourself / himself / herself / itself / ourselves / themselves | 主语和宾语是同一人;by oneself 表示独自 | He hurt himself. / by myself |
| 指示代词 | this / that / these / those | 近指和远指 | This is mine. / Those are yours. |
| 不定代词 | someone / anyone / nothing / everything | 不特指;形容词要放在后面 | something nice / nothing new |
| 疑问代词 | who / whom / whose / what / which | 构成特殊疑问句 | Who is she? / Which do you like? |
形容词与副词修饰谁、放哪里、怎么比较
| 词类 | 作用 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 形容词 | 修饰名词,放在名词前或系动词后 | a big house / The house is big. |
| 副词 | 修饰动词、形容词或另一个副词 | run quickly / very big / very quickly |
| 位置提醒 | 形容词不能修饰动词,副词不能修饰名词 | × run quick √ run quickly |
比较级和最高级
| 词的类型 | 比较级 / 最高级 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 单音节词 | 加 -er / -est | tall → taller → tallest |
| 以 e 结尾 | 加 -r / -st | nice → nicer → nicest |
| 辅音字母 + y 结尾 | 变 y 为 i 再加 -er / -est | happy → happier → happiest |
| 重读闭音节 | 双写最后一个字母再加 -er / -est | big → bigger → biggest |
| 多音节词 | 前面加 more / most | interesting → more interesting → most interesting |
| 不规则 | 单独记 | good → better → best / bad → worse → worst / many → more → most / little → less → least |
数词与时间基数词、序数词、日期和钟点
| 范围 | 构成 |
|---|---|
| 1–12 | one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve |
| 13–19 | 在个位数后加 -teen:thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen |
| 20–90 的整十 | 在个位数后加 -ty:twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety |
| 几十几 | 十位 + 连字符 + 个位:twenty-one, thirty-five |
| 百、千 | hundred, thousand;前面有具体数字时不加 -s:two hundred |
序数词
| 范围 | 序数词 |
|---|---|
| 1–3 | first, second, third |
| 一般情况 | 基数词后加 -th:fourth, sixth, tenth |
| 特殊拼写 | fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth |
| 整十 | y 变 ie 再加 -th:twentieth, thirtieth |
| 几十几 | 只把个位变序数:twenty-first, thirty-second |
时间、日期、年份
| 时间 / 日期 | 读法 |
|---|---|
| 整点 | 8:00 → eight o'clock |
| 半点 | 8:30 → half past eight |
| 15 分 | 8:15 → a quarter past eight |
| 45 分 | 8:45 → a quarter to nine |
| 几点几分 | 8:05 → five past eight / eight oh five |
| 日期 | May 1st → May first;on May 1st |
| 年份 | 2020 → twenty twenty / two thousand and twenty |
be 动词8 个形态,5 种后面能接的东西
| 人称 | 现在 | 过去 | 缩写 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | am | was | I'm / I wasn't | I am ready. 我准备好了。 |
| you / we / they | are | were | you're / they're | They are here. 他们在这儿。 |
| he / she / it | is | was | he's / she's | She is a teacher. 她是老师。 |
| 形态 | 名称 | 出现位置 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | 原形 | to be, will be | 用在 to 后面或情态动词后 |
| been | 过去分词 | have been, has been | 构成完成时 |
| being | 现在分词 | is being | 构成进行时或被动进行 |
She is a teacher.她是老师。
She isn't a teacher.她不是老师。
Is she a teacher?她是老师吗?
一般动词I enjoy / She enjoys,先搞清主谓一致
| 主语 | 动词形式 | 规则 |
|---|---|---|
| I | enjoy | 我不加 -s |
| you | enjoy | 你不加 -s |
| he / she / it | enjoys | 第三人称单数要加 -s |
| we / they | enjoy | 复数不加 -s |
| 情况 | 变化 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般情况 | work → works | 直接加 -s |
| 以 s / x / ch / sh / o 结尾 | go → goes, watch → watches | 加 -es |
| 辅音字母 + y 结尾 | study → studies, carry → carries | 变 y 为 i 再加 -es |
| 元音字母 + y 结尾 | play → plays, enjoy → enjoys | 直接加 -s |
| 特殊变化 | have → has, be → is, do → does | 单独记 |
时态同一个动作,换个时间视角,动词就要换形态
过去
did / was·wereHe worked here in 2020.他 2020 年在这里工作。was/were + doingHe was working at eight.八点时他正在工作。used to + 动词原形He used to work here.他以前在这里工作(现在不)。现在
do / does · am/is/areHe works here.他在这里工作(长期)。am/is/are + doingHe is working now.他正在工作。have/has + doneHe has worked here for 3 years.他在这里工作三年了(还在)。将来
will + 动词原形He will work here.他将会在这里工作。am/is/are going to + 原形He is going to work here.他打算在这里工作。最容易混的三句
He has worked here for 3 years.
从过去持续到现在,现在还在这个状态。翻译常用「……了」。
He worked here for 3 years.
过去发生过,已经结束;现在还在不在,这句话不说明。
He used to work here.
过去常常如此,现在不这样了,自带「对比现在」的意思。
used to 三兄弟
I used to smoke.我以前抽烟(现在戒了)。
没有 be,后面直接跟动词原形。
I am used to getting up early.我习惯早起。
有 be,后面接动名词或名词,to 是介词。
Wood is used to make paper.木头被用来造纸。
有 be,但主语是「被使用的东西」,后面接原形。
时间词决定时态
| 看到这些词 | 优先用 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| now / right now / at the moment / Look! | 现在进行 | He is reading now. |
| every day / usually / often / always / never | 一般现在 | He reads every day. |
| since 2020 / for 3 years / already / just / yet / ever | 现在完成 | He has read 3 books this month. |
| yesterday / last week / two days ago / in 2020 | 一般过去 | He read it yesterday. |
| at eight yesterday / when he called | 过去进行 | He was reading at eight. |
| used to / but now / not … any more | used to | He used to read a lot. |
时间介词:at / on / in 怎么选
| 介词 | 什么时候用 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| at | 具体时刻、把时间看成一点 | at 8 o'clock / at noon / at night |
| on | 具体某一天或某天的上下午 | on Monday / on May 1st / on Sunday morning |
| in | 月份、年份、季节、较长时段 | in July / in 2020 / in winter / in the morning |
| for | 持续多久 | for three years |
| since | 从某个起点开始 | since 2020 |
| during | 在……期间 | during the holiday |
| before / after | 在……之前 / 之后 | before dinner / after class |
| by | 到……为止(不晚于) | by Friday |
| until | 直到……为止 | until midnight |
完成时与进行时扩展
| 时态 | 结构 | 例子 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在完成 | have / has + done | He has finished. | 他已经完成了。 |
| 过去完成 | had + done(过去的过去) | He had finished before I arrived. | 我到之前他就完成了。 |
| 将来完成 | will have + done(到将来某时已完成) | By Friday I will have finished. | 到周五我就完成了。 |
| 现在完成进行 | have / has been + doing(持续到现在,可能继续) | I have been working all morning. | 我工作了一上午。 |
| 过去完成进行 | had been + doing | He had been waiting for two hours. | 他当时已经等了两个小时。 |
| 将来进行 | will be + doing | I will be working at eight. | 八点时我会在工作。 |
| 过去将来 | would + 动词原形(过去视角的将来) | He said he would come. | 他说他会来。 |
非谓语一个句子只能有一个谓语动词,多的要变形
| 形式 | 怎么构成 | 表示什么 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|
| to do 不定式 | to + 动词原形 | 表示目的、将来,或某些动词的固定搭配 | I want to go. 我想去。 |
| doing 动名词 | 动词 + -ing | 动词已经名词化,或某些动词、介词后固定用 doing | I enjoy reading. 我喜欢读书。 |
| done 过去分词 | 动词 + -ed / 不规则变化 | 表示被动或完成 | The door is closed. 门关着。 |
| 这些动词后面 | 接什么 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| enjoy / mind / finish / avoid / keep / practice | + doing | She enjoys reading. 她喜欢读书。 |
| want / hope / decide / plan / need / learn / agree | + to do | She wants to go. 她想去。 |
| stop | + doing 停止做 / + to do 停下来去做 | She stopped smoking. 她戒烟了。/ She stopped to smoke. 她停下来去抽烟。 |
| remember / forget | + doing 做过 / + to do 要做 | I remember locking the door. 我记得锁过门。/ Remember to lock the door. 记得去锁门。 |
| 介词后面 | + doing | interested in learning 对学习感兴趣 / before leaving 离开之前 |
情态动词表达能力、许可、义务、推测
| 情态动词 | 意思 | 例子 | 注意 |
|---|---|---|---|
| can | 能、会 | She can swim. | 后接原形,不加 -s、不加 to |
| could | 过去能;委婉请求 | Could you help me? | 比 can 更客气 |
| may | 可以、可能 | It may rain. | 偏正式的许可 |
| might | 也许(可能性更小) | He might come. | |
| must | 必须、一定 | You must wear a seatbelt. | 说话人主观认为必须 |
| have to | 不得不(客观要求) | I have to work today. | 有人称和时态变化,has to / had to |
| should | 应该 | You should rest. | 给建议 |
| will | 将会、愿意 | I will call you. | |
| would | 过去的将来;委婉 | Would you like tea? |
被动语态be + 过去分词,时态体现在 be 上
| 时态 | 结构 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | am/is/are + done | The room is cleaned every day. |
| 一般过去 | was/were + done | The window was broken yesterday. |
| 现在完成 | have/has been + done | The work has been finished. |
| 一般将来 | will be + done | The results will be announced. |
| 带情态动词 | 情态动词 + be + done | It must be done today. |
句子种类陈述、否定、疑问、祈使、感叹
| 类型 | 结构 | 例子 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 陈述句 | 主语 + 谓语 …… | She works here. | 正常语序 |
| 否定句 | be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + not;实义动词用 don't / doesn't / didn't | She doesn't work here. | 加了助动词后,实义动词回原形 |
| 一般疑问句 | be / 助动词 / 情态动词提到主语前;实义动词用 Do / Does / Did | Does she work here? | 回答用 Yes / No |
| 特殊疑问句 | 疑问词 + 一般疑问句语序 | Where does she work? | 疑问词放最前面 |
| 祈使句 | 动词原形开头;否定用 Don't + 原形 | Close the door. / Don't open it. | 省略主语 you |
| 感叹句 | What + 名词短语 / How + 形容词或副词 | What a nice day! / How nice! |
从句把一个小句子塞进大句子
| 从句类型 | 引导词和规则 | 例子 | 注意 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 定语从句 | who / which / that 引导,紧跟被修饰的名词 | the book that I bought | 修饰哪个名词,就放在它后面 |
| 宾语从句 | that / whether / if 引导,从句用陈述语序 | I know that he is right. | 不要把疑问语序搬进来 |
| 主语从句 | What / That / Whether 引导;常用 it 作形式主语 | What he said is true. / It is important that we try. | 从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数 |
| 表语从句 | be 后面用 that / whether / what 引导 | The problem is that we have no time. | 放在系动词后面 |
| 同位语从句 | 抽象名词(fact / idea / news)后接 that 从句解释内容 | The fact that he resigned shocked us. | that 不作成分,只起连接作用 |
| 状语从句 | because / if / when / although 引导 | I stayed home because it rained. | 主句和从句各有自己的主语和谓语 |
there be 与主谓一致某处有某物,以及谓语跟谁一致
| 用法 | 结构 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定 | There is + 单数 / 不可数;There are + 复数 | There is a book on the desk. / There are two books. |
| 就近原则 | be 和最近的那个名词一致 | There is a book and two pens. |
| 否定 | There isn't / There aren't | There isn't any milk. |
| 疑问 | Is there …? / Are there …? | Are there any questions? |
| 和 have 的区别 | there be 表示「某处存在」;have 表示「拥有」 | There is a book on the desk. / I have a book. |
主谓一致
| 主语情况 | 谓语怎么变 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 第三人称单数 | 一般现在时动词加 -s / -es | She works. / He goes. |
| 复数主语 | 动词用原形 | They work. |
| 不可数名词 | 谓语用单数 | Water is important. |
| each / every | 谓语用单数 | Every student has a book. |
| either … or / neither … nor | 谓语跟最近的主语一致(就近原则) | Neither he nor I am ready. |
| news / mathematics / physics | 形式是复数,但作单数 | The news is good. |
| 主语 + with / together with | 谓语跟前面的主语一致 | The teacher with his students is here. |
| 就近原则 | either…or / neither…nor / there be:谓语跟最近的主语一致 | Neither he nor I am ready. |
| 就远原则 | with / together with / as well as / besides:谓语跟前面的主语一致 | The teacher with his students is here. |
| 集体名词 | family / team / class 作整体时用单数,强调成员时用复数 | My family is big. / My family are all here. |
| 时间、金钱、距离 | 作为一个整体看待时用单数 | Ten years is a long time. |
| 不定代词 | everyone / somebody / nothing 作主语时用单数 | Everyone is here. |
语序英语先说做什么,再补方式、地点、时间
| 规则 | 说明 | 例子 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 基本语序 | 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 | She reads books. | 她读书。 |
| 状语顺序 SVOMPT | 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 方式 + 地点 + 时间 | She reads books quietly in the library every evening. | 她每天晚上在图书馆安静地读书。 |
| 多条状语 | 方式 → 地点 → 时间;时间也可以放句首强调 | Every evening, she reads books in the library. | 每天晚上,她都在图书馆读书。 |
| 定语位置 | 单个形容词放名词前;短语和从句放名词后 | a big house / the house on the hill / the house that he bought | 大房子 / 山上的房子 / 他买的房子 |
| 疑问语序 | 助动词 / be / 情态动词提到主语前 | Do you like it? / Is he here? | 你喜欢吗?/ 他在这儿吗? |
虚拟语气说的不是事实,而是假设、愿望或建议
| 情况 | 结构 | 例子 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 与现在事实相反 | If + 过去式(be 用 were), 主语 + would / could + 动词原形 | If I were you, I would start now. | 如果我是你,我现在就开始。 |
| 与过去事实相反 | If + had done, 主语 + would have done | If I had known, I would have told you. | 如果我早知道,就告诉你了。 |
| 与将来可能相反 | If + were to do / should do, 主语 + would do | If it should rain, we would stay home. | 万一明天下雨,我们就待在家。 |
| wish(现在) | wish + 过去式 | I wish I knew the answer. | 真希望我知道答案。 |
| wish(过去) | wish + had done | I wish I had studied harder. | 真希望我当时更努力。 |
| wish(将来) | wish + would do | I wish it would stop raining. | 真希望雨能停。 |
| 建议性虚拟 | suggest / advise / demand / insist + that + (should) + 动词原形 | He suggested that we (should) start early. | 他建议我们早点开始。 |
| as if / as though | 与现在相反用过去式,与过去相反用 had done | He talks as if he knew everything. | 他说得好像什么都懂。 |
倒装句把助动词或谓语提到主语前面
| 类型 | 结构 | 例子 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 否定词放句首 | Never / Hardly / Seldom / Not until + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词 | Never have I seen such a view. | 我从没见过这样的景色。 |
| Only + 状语放句首 | Only + 状语 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词 | Only then did I understand. | 直到那时我才明白。 |
| So / Neither 表示同样 | So + 助动词 + 主语(肯定);Neither + 助动词 + 主语(否定) | So do I. / Neither did he. | 我也是。/ 他也不是。 |
| 地点状语放句首 | 地点状语 + 谓语 + 主语(主语是名词时) | Here comes the bus. | 公交车来了。 |
| 省略 if 的虚拟条件 | Were / Had / Should + 主语 + … | Were I you, I would go. | 如果我是你,我就去。 |
强调句把想突出的部分夹在 It is … that 中间
| 类型 | 结构 | 例子 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 强调句型 | It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 其余 | It was the design that impressed me most. | 最打动我的是那个设计。 |
| 强调主语 | It is + 人 + who / that | It was Tom who broke the window. | 打破窗户的是汤姆。 |
| 强调状语 | It is + 状语 + that | It was yesterday that we met. | 我们是昨天见面的。 |
| 强调谓语 | do / does / did + 动词原形 | I do like this book. | 我确实喜欢这本书。 |
| 判断方法 | 去掉 It is / was … that 后,句子仍然完整 | It was in 2020 that he came. → He came in 2020. | 能还原就是强调句。 |
省略句重复的成分可以省,但要让对方听得懂
| 类型 | 省略方式 | 例子 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 并列句省略 | 省略重复的主语、谓语或宾语 | I like coffee and (I like) tea. | 我喜欢咖啡和茶。 |
| 状语从句省略 | 从句主语与主句一致且含 be 时,可省略主语和 be | When (you are) in Rome, do as Romans do. | 入乡随俗。 |
| 不定式省略 | 保留 to,省略后面的动词 | I want to go, but I don't know how (to). | 我想去,但不知道怎么去。 |
| 口语省略 | 省略主语或助动词 | (Have you) Got a minute? | 有空吗? |
易错清单先看错句,自己改,再看正确写法
× I am agree.
√ I agree.
agree 本身是动词,不再加 be。
× I have went.
√ I have gone.
完成时用过去分词 gone,不是过去式 went。
× I am live here.
√ I live here.
一般现在时直接用动词,不需要 be。
× I didn't went.
√ I didn't go.
助动词 did 后面的动词用原形。
× He is work.
√ He works. / He is working.
要么一般现在 works,要么进行时 is working。
× I am used to live here.
√ I am used to living here.
be used to 后面接 doing。
× I used to living here.
√ I used to live here.
used to 后面接动词原形。
× She have a car.
√ She has a car.
第三人称单数用 has。
× She enjoy reading.
√ She enjoys reading.
第三人称单数动词加 -s。
× She doesn't enjoys reading.
√ She doesn't enjoy reading.
doesn't 已经承担了 -s,后面用原形。
× I am go to school.
√ I go to school.
一般现在时不需要 be。
× He can sings.
√ He can sing.
情态动词后面用原形。
输出练习先写,再对照;这比反复看有用
看参考答案
I drink coffee every morning.
习惯性动作 → 一般现在时;主语 I 用动词原形。
看参考答案
She enjoys reading.
第三人称单数 enjoy → enjoys;enjoy 后面固定接 doing。
看参考答案
He is reading now.
此刻正在发生 → be + doing,主语 he 用 is。
看参考答案
I have lived here for three years.
for + 三年,持续到现在 → 现在完成 have + done。
看参考答案
I lived here when I was a child.
过去某个阶段,已经结束 → 一般过去。
看参考答案
I used to smoke.
过去常常、现在不 → used to + 动词原形。
看参考答案
The window was broken yesterday.
窗户是被打破的 → 被动 be + done;昨天用 was。
看参考答案
She is used to getting up early.
be used to + doing;主语 she 用 is,get up → getting up。